Never has there been an age like this one. An avalanche of scientific information is pouring down upon specialist and layman alike. No one is able to keep up with the torrent of new knowledge. But is man the wiser for all this new knowledge? Are the latest conclusions of geology, of archaeology, or history any nearer the truth? Or are we being crushed by the sheer weight of new ignorance — new superstitions, this time garbed in the respectable clothes of Scientific Knowledge?
SCIENTIFIC CONFUSION
It would seem this ought to be the wisest, most knowledgeable generation that has ever lived. But it is not! And there is a reason. Never in the history of the world have so many been speculating so much. Speculation, hypothesizing, intellectual guessing have become the lifeblood of the sciences — especially the social sciences. The result is an age typified by a chaos of ideas. Professor Mendenhall labels the present confused state of human knowledge thus: it "may with perhaps less courtesy but more accuracy be called chaos" ("Biblical History in Transition"). The reason? Only those facts which fit an hypothesis are concerned! The purpose of hypothesis is not eternal truth — only intellectual curiosity to see whether the hypothesis be so! Is it any wonder that the scholarly world is in confusion? That the genuine history of man has been rejected and forgotten? That Scripture is labeled "unscientific" and "myth"? This second volume of the "Compendium" is devoted to that forgotten history of man.
WHY HYPOTHESES?
Can the facts of geology, of archaeology, of human history and the Bible be reconciled? Not if the method of study now in vogue in the educational world is used! Crowning the heap of discarded theories with another hypothesis will not resolve the problems. Yet a solution is possible. The facts of geology, of archaeology, of human history and the Bible are reconcilable. It is the hypotheses and theories of Science and Theology that are not! No one, caught up in the vicious cycle of intellectual guessing, finds it easy to divorce facts from hypotheses. But once one is willing to do that, the gnawing questions of science and history find answers. Why haven't men been willing to face facts, and forget hypothesizing? The answer is simple. Facts do not automatically organize themselves into clear and unmistakable answers. There is always the need of some kind of yardstick, some standard, to guide man in organizing the myriads of facts lying mutely before him. A geological stratum by itself does not answer when? or why? A potsherd by itself does not reveal who? or when? Even a written record by itself often fails to convey motive, proof of accuracy, or history of transmission. Scholars and scientists must of necessity resort to some external framework or yardstick by which the recovered facts may be judged. Only two choices are available — hypothesis or Divine Revelation. The educated world has chosen the former. It has, without proof, rejected the latter. Hypotheses appeal to human vanity, to intellectual curiosity, to the desire to hear of something new. Divine Revelation requires acknowledgement of a Higher Power, the subjection of human reason to the revealed Mind of the Creator. But human reason revels in its own superiority. By nature it opposes and exalts itself against Higher Authority. No wonder educators take for granted that the facts of geology, of archaeology, or human history contradict the Bible. Not until human beings are willing to acknowledge God, to acknowledge His Authority, His Revelation, will they ever come to a satisfactory — and satisfying — explanation of Man and the Universe. Not until human reason is conquered will the scholarly world enjoy the privilege of understanding the meaning of geology, of archaeology, of history and the Bible.
UNCOVERING THE FACTS
Scientific and historical journals are filled with "learned" conflicts and controversies. These conflicts are not due to a lack of factual material. There are often "too many" facts. Controversies in philosophy, in science, in education are the direct result of hypothesizing. Theories and hypotheses by their very nature breed controversy. What is needed is a true view of the factual material already available. Present material is more than sufficient to solve every one of the primary questions regarding Man, his origin in time, and the record of his experiences. Why don't today's educators know the answers to these problems? Because they have discarded the key that would unlock the answers. That key is God's revelation of essential knowledge for man — the Bible. But men don't want God telling them anything authoritatively. They therefore refuse even to test whether the Bible is authoritative. It's time we examined the facts of science. Examined, in brief outline, the beginnings of human society — the relationship of geology and archaeology to human history and the Bible. It is possible, if we divorce theory from the facts, to discover the answers to every one of the following basic questions: Do the facts of geology confirm the Bible? Was the earth inhabited before the creation of man — before creation week recorded in Genesis 1? Where in geologic strata, does Creation Week of Genesis 1 occur? Is the geographical description of the Garden of Eden and of the great river that went out of it toward the east (Gen. 2:10) confirmed by geology? What happened to the earth as a result of the sin of Cain? Why did his descendants wander over the earth, hunting instead of farming? What is the relationship between pre-Flood Man and fossil Man? What does archaeology reveal about the first sixteen centuries of human existence? Where do the so-called "Ice Ages" fit in Bible history? Why did so many forms of animal and human life disappear at the close of the geologic period labeled "Pleistocene" by scientists? Is this the Biblical Flood? Every one of these questions has an answer. The answers are so plain even a child can understand them — if unprejudiced. The factual material has already been recorded for us by generations of historians, scientists and archaeologists. Yet they don't understand what they have discovered. They view everything from the evolutionary standpoint. It has simply never occurred to them that what they uncovered confirmed the Bible, and not evolution!
HOW GEOLOGISTS THINK
Most people do not know how a geologist reaches his conclusions. A geologist, of course, is one who makes a study of earth history. He investigates the rock structure of the surface of the earth. Let's accompany a geologist on one of his field trips. A geologist working in the field discovers strata of sandstone, or limestone, or silt. Perhaps in them are fossils. He wants to know when the strata were deposited. How does he decide? The answer is: HE DOESN'T! Being a very careful man — a scientific man — he will go to a paleontologist for the answer. And who is a paleontologist? He is a scientist who makes a special study of fossils. It is his function to explain to the geologist the apparent age of the fossils. And how does the paleontologist know the apparent age of the fossils? From geology? No! How can he learn it from geology when even the geologist does not know the age of fossil strata until he goes to the paleontologist who studies the fossils!! Then how does the paleontologist discover how old fossils are? Simple! He turns to the evolution theory! Life, the paleontologist tells the geologist, developed from the very simplest cell into the varied complex creatures that inhabit the earth today. "But what is the age of the fossils?" asks the geologist. "Let me explain that," replies the paleontologist. "Evolution is a very slow process. It may take millions of years for one species of life to slowly develop into another totally different species. The age of your strata are determined by how long we think it took that particular species of fossils to develop. of course, we paleontologists don't all agree on these details. You might get a different answer from another paleontologist! After all, even though we all believe evolution is a fact, we do not know exactly how it occurs — or even the exact order in which various species of life evolved." And that, in simple language, is what happens! The age of the fossils is guessed at by the paleontologist. The source of his knowledge (or misknowledge) is not geology, but the evolution theory. He takes it for granted. He assumes the theory is a fact — or reasons as if it were a fact. The geologist then deduces the age of the strata from the assumed age of the fossils.
DISCARDING THE FACTS
All too often the geologist discovers that, according to the assumed age of the fossils, "younger strata" are below "older strata" — in the wrong order — reversed! "Oh, that's all right," the paleontologist will conclude. "just consider that the strata were laid in the right order and that later a fracture in the earth's crust occurred which placed them in the wrong order." "But there was no fracture or fault line in the deposits. The strata were laid down exactly as I found them." "Don't let that concern you," the paleontologist might tell the geologist. "You are at liberty to insert fracture or fault lines where there were none, and to remove them where you plainly saw them. After all, the evolution theory explains what happened even if you did not find the evidence!" That is THE WAY evolutionary science is practiced. This illustration was in fact presented in a public lecture in one of the most famous institutions of higher learning in Southern California. The geologist giving the lecture added this word of advice: "It is better not to go to different paleontologists. Otherwise there will be no consistency in the dating of fossils. It is much better to consult the same paleontologist, for then, at least, one will be CONSISTENT IN HIS ERROR!" It is this kind of foolish scientific thinking — if it can be called thinking — that masquerades as intellectual. This is the kind of thinking that has been used to ridicule and reject the authority of Scripture. This is the trunk of the evolutionary tree. Once it is chopped down all the twiggy side arguments fall with it! Evolution is based on deceptive, circular reasoning. It is an unproved and unprovable hypothesis. It is made to seem rational by a fantastic use of hundreds of millions — even billions — of years. But no evolving fossil — bridging the gaps from one Genesis kind to another — has ever been found. No half-evolved living species, has ever been seen by man. God-ordained varieties of each kind — yes! But no evolution from one Genesis kind to another! It is time we opened our eyes to the falsehoods in modern education. Naturally, geologists have found many important and true facts. Once we divorce the facts from the theories and hypotheses, true earth history becomes plain. Now take a look at the facts as they are found. See how they fit the Bible account.
THE FACTS OF GEOLOGY
First, look at the recent astounding discoveries of geology. They are of such magnitude as to revolutionize the whole field of scientific studies. They tell an incredible story. Geologists, like all scientists, are noted for the care which they take in exact observations and measurements — though in theorizing they know no bounds to their wildest speculations. After decades of careful firsthand observation, geologists came to recognize a definite, worldwide break in the geological strata. They didn't understand its meaning. They never looked into the Bible to see if an answer were there. The strata below the break revealed a world entirely different from the one we see around us today. Nowhere in the lower strata does one find fossil Man, or remains warm-blooded creatures so characteristic of our world. Missing, too, are the angiosperms — plants having their seeds enclosed in an ovary. Evolutionary geologists immediately jumped to the conclusion that this was a "proof" of evolution. They couldn't have been more mistaken. Above the break, the strata reveal forms of life vividly described in Genesis 1. There are human remains, many varieties of mammals, birds and flowering trees. Why the sudden appearance of new kinds of life? What is the meaning of this break in the geological horizon? Is it mentioned in the Bible? Most scientists and historians never looked to see. The theologians never stopped to investigate. But the facts are plain for all to see. There has been no past evolution of living matter.
CONFIRMATION OF GENESIS ONE
Genesis 1 has been woefully misunderstood. "Creation Week" is not the record of the original creation of matter, but an account of re-creation! The first chapter of Genesis contains two distinct accounts. The first two verses are a brief account of the creation of matter and physical energy — of a beautiful earth fit for habitation — "in the beginning." The second account is about the work of re-creation following a frightful catastrophe which befell the first world. That catastrophe is briefly summarized in verse 2 of Genesis 1. These verses, according to the original inspired Hebrew text, read: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth had become without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep." God created the world fit for habitation. It was not created a waste. Isaiah 45:18 reveals: "... God himself that formed the earth ... he created it not in vain (the original Hebrew is the same as in Genesis 1:2 — meaning "not a waste"), he formed it to be inhabited." The first or pre-Adamic creation was turned into a chaotic wreck. Virtually all life perished. (Psalm 104: 28-29.) The whole face of the earth was covered with water. The Biblical record of Genesis 1:2 is confirmed by the enigmatic break which scientists have found in the geological strata. The strata below the break are the remains of the pre-Adamic world!
WHAT INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR REVEALED
For scores of years geologists assumed the ocean floors were the quiet resting places of thousands of feet of mud and slime. Then came the shocking truth. Those thousands of feet of mud were not there. The geologists could hardly believe their eyes. An immense catastrophe had befallen the earth. Everywhere men sent down into the oceans their coring devices they discovered the ocean depths had suffered a tremendous volcanic upheaval. To heighten the shock of the discovery, scientists found the catastrophe had struck the ocean depths at the same moment in geological history that it had struck the land masses. On land it had been recognized as a worldwide break in the geological strata. To this upheaval geologists assign the label "Cretaceous" — meaning "chalky" — because of the nature of the chalky deposits in England where the strata were first studied. Geologists thought they would find strata in the sea below the so-called "Cretaceous" deposits — just as they find them on the continents. They didn't. Reported Ericson and Wollin: "... no sediment older than Upper Cretaceous time has been found in the ocean basins because there is none there to find" ("The Deep and the Past", p. 266). None to find? of course! On the ocean floors the world before man has been buried under tremendous volcanic eruptions. The authors continue: "The paleontological and geophysical evidence tells in clear enough language that some sort of drastic reorganization of the floors of the oceans must have taken place toward the end of the Lower Cretaceous Period .... We can be sure (that is usually a sure sign that scholars, historians, and scientists are guessing) that this volcanic transformation did not take place within the span of a few years; if it had, all marine life would have come to a sudden end as a gargantuan bouillabaisse of boiled fish. To avoid catastrophe of this sort, we need only be more liberal with time; we have plenty of it at our disposal .... "Whence came the energy and why should its effect have been concentrated at the beginning of the Upper Cretaceous?" (Pages 267-268.) Read that astounding quote again! The facts are plain! There was a singular catastrophe which virtually ended all life between what geologists call the "Lower" and "Upper Cretaceous" — that is, the dividing line between the world before Adam and the world since the creation of man. Geologists throw around time as though it were a mere toy! By giving themselves time enough they hope to alleviate the necessity of accepting the truth of Genesis 1:2.
THE WORLD OF ADAM
To continue picking up the highlights of geology which confirm the Biblical record — The second chapter of Genesis, verses 8 to 15, preserves a remarkable account of the geography of the land of Eden where Man first dwelt. Many Scripture passages indicate it was the land of Palestine, with the Garden lying eastward in the vicinity of Jerusalem. Josephus, the Jewish historian, confirms this picture in "Antiquities of the Jews," I, i, 3. In Eden sprang forth a vast stream of water that flowed eastward through the Garden. It divided into four parts, three of which flowed toward the north and east — the other southward. Where, in geological history, would one find this geographical description of the river system of Palestine and the environs of Jerusalem? In the strata that geologists label "Upper Cretaceous"! In Palestine it is the next geological event which follows the geological break previously referred to. Jewish geologists, unaware of what they have discovered, have even presented a simple sketch of this astounding evidence. On page 35 of E. A. Speiser's "At the Dawn of Civilization" is a geologic map of Palestine in the so-called "Upper Cretaceous." Immediately to the east of Jerusalem may be seen in outline the area through which the waters from the Garden flowed. The present Jordan Valley and Dead Sea were not then formed. With these geological points established in brief, it is not difficult to place the subsequent geological and archaeological deposits in their Biblical background. The first few centuries of human life on earth are consequently parallel with the "Upper Cretaceous" and "Tertiary" deposits of geological science. These deposits are of course dated by evolutionary scientists as millions of years old. Time, to them, means nothing. Geologists have no means of dating accurately these deposits. They assume their extreme antiquity because they first assumed the evolutionary hypothesis to be a fact! The Evolutionary hypothesis is not a fact. It has never been proven and by its very nature can never be proven. Once evolution is recognized for what it is — a mere figment of human imagination — the whole geological timetable collapses!
THE SIN OF CAIN AND GEOLOGY
Cain is an important figure in theology. He is equally important to history and geology. Geology? Indeed! As a result of the sin of Cain the entire history of human society — and the earth's surface — changed. Notice the Biblical record: "And now art thou cursed from the earth ... when thou tillest the ground" — Cain, says Josephus, sought to gain his livelihood by farming methods which depleted the soil — "It shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive (or wanderer) and a vagabond shalt thou be in the earth" (Gen. 4:11-12). God put a stop to Cain's way — the way of getting. If Cain and his heirs had been allowed to continue their agricultural pursuits, soils all over the world would long ago have been rendered unfit for cultivation. Human life might well have been snuffed out by mass starvation. The geological record tells us what God did to save the soil from utter depletion. Mountain chains arose where there were none before. Seas dried up. The balmy semi-tropical climate of the world rapidly shifted into torrid and frigid zones. Wherever Cain wandered his agricultural pursuits came to naught. When it should have rained, the weather turned dry. Just as he was about to reap the ripening crop, a storm blew in. Nothing turned out right. Cain was forced to turn to hunting and gathering the sparse wild fruits and berries. He and the generations who followed him eked out a wretched living. All this is recorded in geology and archaeology. In the so-called "Tertiary" geological deposits, which follow the "Upper Cretaceous," immense surface changes are recorded. The climate began to turn cooler. Desert regions developed in the wake of mountain building. Pluvial and arid periods fluctuated. "Tertiary" deposits are overlain by what geologists call "Quarternary" or "Pleistocene" deposits. The climate in the northern hemisphere became even colder. Vast snowfalls engulfed the regions now labeled Canada and Europe on our maps. The Arctic zone expanded. Fluctuations in sea level occurred. All along the continental shore lines the changing beach levels left their mark. Many may still be seen today. Geologists mislabel this pre-Flood period "Ice Ages." This period witnessed the spread of human habitation around the world. Giants appeared according to Genesis. Fossil remains of giant human beings of this period have been found by geologists. This is the time of so-called "Paleolithic Man," or "Neanderthal Man" and the "Mousterian Culture," of the mammoth and reindeer hunters of the "Upper Paleolithic." Their culture exactly fits the curse that befell Cain. Cain and his descendants became wanderers and vagabonds over the face of their earth. They were reduced to hunting and gathering because the soil would not yield normal crops. These ancient changes in the weather are a type of the changes of the weather now beginning to hit the earth in this twentieth century! With an increase in human population over the centuries, Cain saw a way around his punishment. He reasoned that if he could monopolize the salt trade, he could become rich. Every human being needs salt to live. He headed for the region of the Dead Sea. There he built an important city and surrounded it with walls. Josephus describes it in detail. The Bible refers to it as the city of Enoch, which Cain built and named in honor of his son (Gen. 4:17). Archaeologists have found it — the first walled city built before the Flood. On its site was later built the post-Flood city of Jericho. The British archaeologist Miss Kenyon has devoted much time and patience to the excavation of this important discovery (see her book Digging Up Jericho). At Jericho and all over the eastern Mediterranean lands rapid changes in culture developed. Population increased. Many village sites dot the countryside. Intermarriage of races was a consequence of the family of Cain settling among the family of Seth in the Middle East. Numerous fossil skeletons attest to this fact mentioned in Gen. 6:1-2. The complete story of culture changes before the Flood may be easily pieced together from Emmanuel Anati's "Palestine Before the Hebrews," F. C. Hibben's "Prehistoric Man in Europe" and Speiser's afore-quoted book. "The Bible and the Ancient Near East" provides the proper sequence of cultures in its fourth chapter, "The Archaeology of Palestine," by G. E. Wright. These and other studies make it clear that the Flood occurred at the end of the geological epoch called the "Pleistocene." The "Recent" which follows geologically is the post-Flood world. This event is also marked in geological records by the sudden disappearance of many forms of animal life — especially the mammoths.
EARLY POST-FLOOD WORLD
In archaeological parlance the pre-Flood world in the Middle East drew to a close with the "Natufian," the "Tahunian," pre-pottery and pottery Neolithic and related cultures. As this dissertation is being written, important new discoveries in Anatolia and Southeast Europe are adding to our knowledge of so-called "Neolithic" culture just prior to the Flood. Already archaeologists are aware that their designation "Neolithic" is a misnomer. It was not a complex of cultures based on polished stone without metals. Everywhere copper artifacts are, turning up in the Middle East — in Persia, in Greece and along the Danube, in Anatolia and the fringes of Mesopotamian plains. Scripture makes plain that the knowledge and use of copper alloys and iron characterized the closing stages of the pre-Flood world (see Genesis 4:22). These so-called Early Neolithic cultures are mistakenly dated (by radio-carbon) to the last half of the sixth millennium and to the fifth. Radio-carbon dates that are earlier than the 4300's ° 300 B.C. generally belong to Pre-Flood societies. Those sites and artifacts dated by archaeologists to the 4300's ° 300 and later appear in every known instance to be of the post-Flood world. This indicates that radio-carbon dates for the time of the Flood are about 2000 ° 300 years off! The immediate post-Flood world is, in Mesopotamia and Palestine, labeled by archeologists as a transitional "Neolithic-Chalcolithic" culture stage. It is rather a senseless term! The term is meant to imply a general but limited use of metal. In short order Palestinian society developed into a so-called "Early Chaleolithic" period. Wherever these two cultural phases appear in the Middle East, there is evidence of a break with the past. The world population suddenly appears to have shrunk to almost nothing. Migrations are on miniature scale. Areas of human habitation are limited, compared with the evidences of tremendous population in the Early Neolithic which ended in the Flood. Of the pre-Flood world we have this startling quote from Anati in "Palestine Before the Hebrews": "... the density of population must have been then one of the greatest in Palestine. Frequently the distance from one settled spot to another is no more than a thousand feet" (p. 231). Post-Flood Palestine was, by contrast, sparsely settled. Human habitation, springing out of Syria and Mesopotamia, was limited in the Early Chalcolithic to sites along the coast, in the mountains and along the Jordan plain. An increase in population is noted in the succeeding cultural phase — the Ghassulian of archaeological parlance. This is the period in which Abraham appeared in Palestine. Abraham generally made southern Palestine, headquarters. Its chief town was Beersheba. It is not surprising that during this period Beersheba was the cultural center of Palestine, rather than the more populous north. It was at Beersheba that the remains of the earliest known domesticated horse was found by archaeologists ("Palestine before the Hebrews", p. 241). Abraham's descendants ever since have been famous breeders of horses. The lush Jordan Valley became desolate during the Ghassulian. When Tell el-Ghassul was excavated by the Pontifical Institute immense quantities of ash were found. It was immediately recognized as the time of the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah. Later, archaeologists — confronted with this plain evidence of Scripture — rejected the identification and placed the Ghassulian culture 1500 years too early! And with that the evidence of geology and archaeology missing from Volume I is completed. Geology, archaeology, history and the Bible stand reconciled.
APPENDIX A
THE ENIGMA OF DYNASTY I AND II OF KISH RESOLVED
The lengths of reigns assigned to the rulers of Dynasties I and II of Kish are clearly not the true lengths of reign. They are all too long. Yet they cannot be explained merely by scribal errors. The figures are intentionally long. The Babylonian priestly scribes at an early period intentionally lengthened the original figures to make Babylon excessively ancient. The question is: Can the true lengths of reign still be deduced from the figures now preserved? The answer is Yes! What the Babylonians did was very clever. To preserve the original figures which they had in their possession — and yet hide them — they resorted to a clever mathematical trick. To understand, let's look at the Sumerian and Babylonian method of numbering. Today we are familiar with the use of decimals — multiples of ten. But we are generally unfamiliar with the Babylonian use of multiples of sixes and sixties. Samuel Kramer explains it for laymen in "The Sumerians, Their History, Culture and Character," p. 92. To express the number 60, for example, the Sumerians used a particular symbol. But to express 600 they used another symbol, not 10 x 60. To express 3,600, they used another symbol, not 6 x 600. Now what the clever priest-kings did was this: They took for example, a man whose length of reign was 14 years and altered the figures the following way. They multiplied the 4, the first figure to the left of the decimal point by 60. The result was 240. Then they multiplied the 1, the second figure to the left of the decimal point by 600. The result was 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 840. By working back from the expanded figures now preserved, it is possible to determine the real lengths of reigns of the priest-kings of Kish who were elected to the office. The Dynasty, it should be noted, is placed before that of Erech. It indicates that events which led to the establishment of Nimrod's political government in 2254, began two years earlier in a religious revolt that expressed itself in the building of the Tower of Babel in 2256.
Rulers of Dynasty Length of Calculation Actual Reign II of Kish — Reign from of True Priest-Kings King List Reign
Su- more than 0 x 600 + 3 x 60 = 3 yrs. + mos. 201, not more than 205
Dadasig more than 2 x 600 + 9 x 60 = 29 yrs. + mos 1785, not more than 1789
Mamagal 420 0 x 600 + 7 x 60 = 7 yrs.
Kalbum, son of 132 0 x 600 + 2 x 60 = 2 yrs. + mos Mamagal.
Tuge 360 0 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 6 yrs.
Mennumna 180 0 x 600 + 3 x 60 = 3 yrs.
Lugalmu 420 0 x 600 + 7 x 60 = 7 yrs.
Ibbi-Ea 290 0 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 4 yrs. + mos.
Eight kings are said to have reigned 3792 years; the correct total is given in the Document L1 (see p. 97 of Jacobsen's "Sumerian King List"). For all other figures, see pp. 328-329 of S. N. Kramer's, "The Sumerians, their History, Culture and Character."
Rulers of Dynasty II Actual Length Dates of of Kish of Reign Reign
Su- 3 1809-1806
Dadasig 29 1806-1777
Mamagal 7 1777-1770
Kalbum, son of Mamagal. 2 1770-1768
Tuge 6 1768-1762
Mennumna 3 1762-1759
Lugalmu 7 1759-1752
Ibbi-Ea 4 1752-1748
Rulers of Dynasty Length of Calculation Actual Reign I of Kish — Reign from of True Priest-Kings King List Reign
Gaur 1200 2 x 600 + 0 x 60 = 20 yrs.
Gulla-Nidaba-annapad 960 1 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 16 yrs.
Pala-kinatim 900 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = 15 yrs.
Nangishlishma and Bahina 6960 1 x 3600 + 5 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 156 yrs.
Buanum 840 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 14 yrs.
Kalibum 960 1 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 16 yrs.
Galumum 840 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 14 yrs.
Zukakip 900 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = 15 yrs.
Atab 600 1 x 600 + 0 x 60 = 10 yrs.
Mashda 840 1 x 600 + 4 x 60 = 14 yrs.
Arurim, son of 720 1 x 600 + 2 x 60 = 12 yrs. Mashda.
Etana, the shep- 1560 2 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 26 yrs. herd, who ascended to heaven, who MADE FIRM ALL THE LANDS.
Balih 400 0 x 600 + 6 x 60 = 6 yrs.+ mos.
Enmenunna 660 1 x 600 + 1 x 60 = 11 yrs.
Melan-Kish, son of 900 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = 15 yrs. Enmenunna.
Barsalnunna, son 1200 2 x 600 + 0 x 60 = 20 yrs. of Enmenunna.
Meszemug, son 140 0 x 600 + 2 x 60 = 2 yrs.+ mos. of Barsalnunna.
Tizkar, son of 305 0 x 600 + 5 x 60 = 5 yrs.+ mos. Meszamug.
Ilku 900 1 x 600 + 3 x 60 = 15 yrs.
Iltasadum 1200 2 x 600 + 0 x 60 = 20 yrs.
Enmebaraggesi, 900 1 x 600 + 5 x 60 = 15 yrs. who smote the weapons of the land of Elam.
Agga, son of 625 1 x 600 + 0 x 60 = 10 yrs.+ mos. Enmebaraggesi.
"Twenty-three kings reigned 24,510 years."
Rulers of Dynasty I Actual Length Dates of of Kish Priest-Kings of Reign Reign
Gaur 20 2256-2236 Reckoned from commencement of building Tower of Babel
Gulla-Nidaba-annapad 16 2236-2220
Pala-kinatim 15 2220-2205
Nangishlishma and Bahina 156 2205-2049
Buanum 14 2049-2035
Kalibum 16 2035-2019
Galumum 14 2019-2005
Zukakip 15 2005-1990
Atab 10 1990-1980
Mashda 14 1980-1966
Arurim, son of Mashda. 12 1966-1954
Etana, the shepherd. 26 1954-1928
Balih, son of Etana. 6 1928-1922
Enmenunna 11 1922-1911
Melan-Kish, son of 15 1911-1896 Enmenunna.
Barsalnunna, son of 20 1896-1876 Enmenunna.
Meszamug, son of Barsalnunna. 2 1876-1874
Tizkar, son of Meszamug. 5 1874-1869
Ilku 15 1869-1854
Iltasadum 20 1854-1834
Enmebaraggesi, who smote the 15 1834-1819 weapons of the land of Elam.
Agga, son of Enmebaraggesi. 10 1819-1809
APPENDIX B
ETHIOPIAN KING LIST
The following list of rulers is taken from "In the Country of the Blue Nile" by C. F. Rey, London, 1927 (Appendix A). It is exactly correct in the original archives. The dates are stated in years according to the Gregorian calendar. They begin in September — hence autumn to autumn reckoning. This list of rulers is as valuable as the Chinese Shoo King.
AGDAZYAN DYNASTY OF THE POSTERITY OF THE KINGDOM OF JOCTAN
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Akbunas Saba I. Saba 55 1978-1923 is the Arabian Abd Shems, son of Jerah (Yarab), the son of Joktan.
2. Nakehte Kalnis. Kalnis 40 1923-1883 is Kahlan of Arabian tradition, the son of Abd Shems.
3. Kasiyope (queen) 19 1883-1864
4. Sabe I 15 1864-1849
5. Etiyopus I 56 1849-1793
6. Lakndun Nowarari 30 1793-1763
7. Tutimheb 20 1763-I743
8. Herhator I 20 1743-1723
9. Etiyopus II 30 1723-1693
10. Senuka I 17 1693-1676
11. Bonu I 8 1676-1668
12. Mumazes (queen) 4 1668-1664
13. Aruas, daughter of 7 months 1664 Mumazes.
14. Amen Asro I 30 1664-1634
15. Ori (or Aram) II 30 1634-1604
16. Piori I 15 1604-1589
17. Amen Emhat I 40 1589-1549
18. Tsawi 15 1549-1534
19. Aktissanis 10 1534-1524
20. Mandes 17 1524-1507
21. Protawos 33 1507-1474
22. Amoy 21 1474-1453
23. Konsi Hendawi 5 1453-1448
24. Bonu II 2 1448-1446
25. Sebi III (Kefe) 15 1446-1431
26. Djagons 20 1431-1411
27. Senuka II 10 1411-1401
28. Angabo I (Zaka Laarwe) 50 1401-1351
29. Miamur 2 days 1351
30. Helena (queen) 11 1351-1340
31. Zagdur I 40 1340-1300
32. Her Hator II 30 1300-1270
33. Her Hator (Za Sagado) III 1 1270-1269
34. Akate (Za Sagado) IV 20 1269-1249
35. Titon Satiyo 10 1249-1239
36. Hermantu I 5 months 1239
37. Amen Emhat II 5 1239-1234
38. Konsab I 5 1234-1229
39. Sannib II 5 1229-1224
40. Sanuka III 5 1224-1219
41. Angabo II 40 1219-1179
42. Amen Astate 30 1179-1149
43. Herhor 16 1149-1133
44. Wiyankihi I 9 1133-1124
45. Pinotsem I 17 1124-1107
46. Pinotsem II 41 1107-1066
47. Massaherta 16 1066-1050
48. Ramenkoperm 14 1050-1036
49. Pinotsem III 7 1036-1029
50. Sabi IV 10 1029-1019
51. Tawasaya Dews 13 1019-1006
52. Makeda 31 1006- 975
The year 975 is the year of death of Hatshepsowe, who is Makeda. Her daughter married Solomon, Their son, Menelik, was adopted by Makeda as her heir since she had no son of her own. Menelik thus was of the line of Sheba, of Joktan and Peleg — which explains the racial intermixture of the Ethiopian royalty. Fifty-two sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia before the advent of Mehelik I.
DYNASTY OF MENELIK I
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Menelik I 25 975-950
2. Hanyon 1 950-949
3. Sera I (Tomai). This 26 949-923 is Zerah the Ethiopian — here expressly recorded by name in the history of Abyssinia.
4. Amen Hotep Zagdur 31 923-892
5. Aksumay Ramissu 20 892-872
6. Awseyo Sera II 38 872-834
7. Tawasya II 21 834-813
8. Abralyus Wiyankihi II 32 813-781
9. Aksumay Warada Tsahay 23 781-758
10. Kashta Hanyon 13 758-745
11. Sabaka II 12 745-733
12. Nicauta Kandake (queen) 10 733-723
13. Tsawi Terhak Warada 49 723-674 Nsgash
14. Erda Amen Awseya, or 6 674-668 Urdemane of Assyrian records of Assurbanipal
15. Gasiyo Eskikatir — 668
16. Nuatmeawn (Tanautamun) 4 668-664
17. Tomadyon Piyankihi III 12 664-652
18. Amen Asero 16 652-636
19. Piyankihi IV, or Awtet 34 636-602
20. Zaware Nebret Aspurta 41 602-561
21. Saifay Harsiataw II 12 561-549
22. Ramhay Nastossanan 4 549-535
23. Handu Wuha Abra 11 535-524
24. Safelya Sabakon 31 524-493
25. Agalbus Sepekos 22 493-471
26. Psmenit Waradanegash 21 471-450
27. Awseya Tarakos 12 450-438
28. Kanaz Psmis, son of 13 438-425 Awseya Tarakos
29. Apras 10 425-415
30. Kashta Walda Ahuhu 20 415-395
31. Elalion Taake 10 395-385
32. Atserk Amen III 10 385-375
33. Atserk Amen IV 10 375-365
34. Hadina (queen) 10 365-355
35. Atserk Amen V 10 355-345
36. Atserk Amen VI 10 345-335
37. Nikawla Kandake (queen) 10 335-325
38. Bassyo 7 325-318
39. Akawsis Kandake III 10 318-308 (queen)
40. Arkamen II 10 308-298
41. Awtet Arawura 10 298-288
42. Kolas II (Kaletro) 10 288-278
43. Zawre Nebrat 16 278-262
44. Stiyo 14 262-248
45. Safay 13 248-235
46. Nikosis Kandake IV (queen) 10 235-225
47. Ramhay Arkamen IV 10 225-215
48. Feliya Hernekhit 15 215-200
49. Hende Awkerara 20 200-180
50. Agabu Baseheran 10 180-170
51. Sulay Kawswmenun 20 170-150
52. Messelme Kerarmer 8 150-142
53. Nagey Bsente 10 142-132
54. Etbenukewer 10 132-122
55. Safeliya Abramen 20 122-102
56. Sanay 10 102- 92
57. Awsena (queen) 11 92- 81
58. Dawit II 10 81- 71
59. Aglbul 8 71- 63
60. Bawawl 10 63- 53
61. Barawas 10 53- 43
62. Dinedad 10 43- 33
63. Amoy Mahasse 5 33- 28
64. Nicotnis Kandake V 10 28- 18
65. Nalke 5 18- 13
66. Luzay 12 13- 1
67. Bazen 17 B.C. 1- 17 A.D.
Before Christ 119 sovereigns reigned.
THOSE WHO REIGNED AFTER THE BIRTH OF CHRIST
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Sartu Tsenfa Assegd 21 17- 38
2. Akaptah Tsenfa Ared 8 38- 46
3. Horemtaku 2 46- 48
4. Garsemot Kandake VI. Jen 10 48- 58 Daraba, favourite of Queen Garsemot Kandake, crowned by Gabre Hawariat Kandake, had made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem according to the law of Orit (the ancient law), and on his return Philip the Apostle taught him the gospel, and after he had made him believe the truth he sent him back.
5. Hatoza Bahr Asaged 28 58- 86
6. Mesenh Germasir 7 86- 93
7. Metwa Germa Asfar 9 93-102
8. Adgale II 10 102-112
9. Agba 1 112-113
10. Serada 16 113-129
11. Malis Alameda 4 129-133
12. Hakabe Nasohi Tsiyon 6 133-139
13. Hakli Sergway 12 139-151
14. Dedme Zaray 10 151-161
15. Awtet 2 161-163
16. Alaly Bagamay 7 163-170
17. Awadu Jan Asagad 30 170-200
18. Zagun Tsion Hegez 5 200-205
19. Rema Tsion Geza 3 205-208
20. Azegan Malbagad 7 208-215
21. Gafale Seb Asagad 1 215-216
22. Tsegay Beze Wark 4 216-220
23. Gaza Agdur 9 220-229
24. Agduba Asgwegwe 8 229-237
25. Dawiza 1 237-238
26. Wakana (queen) 2 days 238
27. Hadawz 4 months 238
28. Ailassan Sagal 3 238-241
29. Asfehi Asfeha 14 241-255
30. Atsgaba Seifa Arad 6 255-261
31. Ayba 17 261-278
32. Tsaham Laknduga 9 278-287
33. Tsegab 10 287-297
34. Tazer 10 297-307
35. Ahywa Sofya (queen) 7 307-314
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE CHRISTIAN SOVEREIGNS
1. Ahywa. Her regnal name was Sofya, and she was the mother of Abreha Atsbeha.
2. Abreha Atsbeha, reigned 26 314-340 partly with his mother.
3. Atsbeha, alone. 12 340-352
4. Asfeh Dalz 7 352-359
5. Sahle 14 359-373
6. Arfed Gebra Maskal 4 373-377
7. Adhana I (queen) 5 377-382
8. Riti 1 382-383
9. Asfeh II 1 383-384
10. Atsbeha II 5 384-389
11. Amey 15 389-404
12. Abreha II 7 months 404
13. Ilassahl 2 months 404
14. Elagabaz I 2 404-406
15. Suhal 4 406-410
16. Abreha III 10 410-420
17. Adhana II (queen) 6 420-426
18. Yoab 10 426-436
19. Tsaham I 2 436-438
20. Amey II 1 438-439
21. Sahle Ahzob 2 439-441
22. Tsebah Mahana Kristos 3 441-444
23. Tsaham II 2 444-446
24. Elagabaz II 6 446-452
25. Agabi 1 452-453
26. Lewi 2 453-455
27. Ameda III 3 455-458
28. Armah Dawit 14 458-472
29. Amsi 5 472-477
30. Salayba 9 477-486
31. Alameda 8 486-494
32. Pazena Ezana 7 494-501
Of the posterity of Sofya and Abreha Atsbeha until the reign of Pazena Ezana thirty-one sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.
DYNASTY OF ATSE (EMPEROR) KALEB UNTIL GEDAJAN
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Kaleb 30 501-531
2. Za Israel 1 month 531
3. Gabra Maskal 14 531-545
4. Kostantinos 28 545-573
5. Wasan Sagad 15 573-588
6. Fere Sanay 23 588-611
7. Advenz 20 611-631
8. Akala Wedem 8 631-639
9. Germa Asafar 15 639-654
10. Zergaz 10 654-664
11. Dagena Mikael 26 664-690
12. Bahr Ekla 19 690-709
13. Gum 24 709-733
14. Asguagum 5 733-738
15. Latem 16 738-754
16. Talatam 21 754-775
17. Gadagosh 13 775-788
18. Aizar Eskakatir 1/2 day 788
19. Dedem 5 788-793
20, Wededem 10 793-803
21. Wudme Asfare 30 803-833
22. Armah 5 833-838
23. Degennajan 19 838-857
24. Gedajan 1 857-858
25. Gudit 40 858-898
26. Anbase Wedem 20 898-918
27. Del Naad 10 918-928
Twenty-seven sovereigns of the posterity of Kaleb
SOVEREIGNS ISSUED FROM ZAGWE
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Mara Takla Haymanot, his 13 928- 941 regnal name was Zagwe.
2. Tatawdem 40 941- 981
3. Jan Seyum 40 981-1021
4. Germa Seyum 40 1021-1061
5. Yermrhana Kristos 40 1061-1101
6. Kedus Arbe (Samt) 40 1101-1141
7. Lalibala 40 1141-1181
8. Nacuto Laab 40 1181-1221
9. Yatbarak 17 1221-1238
10. Mayari 15 1238-1253
11. Harbay 8 1253-1261
Of the posterity of Mara Takla Haymanot (whose regnal name was Zagwe) until the reign of Harbay eleven sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.
A JEWISH DYNASTY, WHICH WAS NOT RAISED TO THE THRONE, DURING THE PERIOD OF THE PRECEDING DYNASTY
1. Mahbara Wedem
2. Agbea Tsyon
3. Tsinfa Arad
4. Nagash Zare
5. Asfeh
6. Yakob
7. Bahr Asagad
8. Edem Asagad
SOVEREIGNS FROM EMPEROR YEKUNO AMLAK, DESCENDED FROM THE ANCIENT REIGNING DYNASTIES
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Yekuno Amlak 15 1261-1276
2. Yasbeo Tseyon 9 1276-1285
3. Tsenfa Arad 1 1285-1286
4. Hesba Asagad 1 1286-1287
5. Kedme Asagad 1 1287-1288
6. Jan Asagad 1 1288-1289
7. Sabea Asagad 1 1289-1290
8. Wedma Ared 15 1290-1305
9. Amda Tseyon 30 1305-1335
10. Saifa Ared 28 1335-1363
11. Wedma Asfare 10 1363-1373
12. Dawit 30 1373-1403
13. Tewodoros 4 1403-1407
14. Yeshak 15 1407-1422
15. Andreyas 6 months 1422
16. Hesba Nan 4 1422-1426
17. Bedl Nan (6 months with 1 1426-1427 Andreyas & 6 months)
18. Amde Tseyon 7 1427-1434
19. Zara Yakob 34 1434-1468
20. Boeda Maryam 10 1468-1478
21. Iskender 16 1478-1494
22. Amda Tseyon 1 1494-1495
23. Naod 13 1495-1508
Of the posterity of Yekuno Amlak up to the reign of Naod 23 sovereigns ruled over Ethiopia.
ELEVATION TO THE THRONE OF ATSE (EMPEROR) LEBNA DENGEL, AND THE INVASION OF ETHIOPIA BY GRAN
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Lebna Dengel 32 1508-1540
2. Galawdewos 19 1540-1559
3. Minas 4 1559-1563
Fifteen years after Atse (Emperor) Lebna Dengel came to the throne Gran devastated Ethiopia for fifteen years.
THE HOUSE OF GONDAR
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Sartsa Dengel 34 1563-1597
2. Yakob 9 1597-1606
3. Za Dengel 1 1606-1607
4. Susneyos 28 1607-1635
5. Fasil 35 1635-1670
6. Degu-Johannis 15 1670-1685
7. Adyam Sagad Iyasu 25 1685-1710
8. Takla Haymanot 2 1710-1712
9. Tewoflus 3 1712-1715
10. Yostos 4 1715-1719
11. Dawit 5 1719-1724
12. Bakaffa 9 1724-1733
13. Birhan Sagad Iyasu 24 1733-1757
14. Iyoas 15 1757-1772
15. Johannis 5 mos. & 5 dys. 1772
16. Takla Haymanot 8 1772-1780
17. Solomon 2 1780-1782
18. Takla Giyorgis 5 1782-1787
Of the posterity of Sartsa Dengel up to the reign of King Takla Giyorgis eighteen sovereigns reigned over Ethiopia.
SOVEREIGNS OF ABYSSINIA SUBSEQUENT TO THE FOREGOING LIST
From about 1730 up to the advent of Theodore in 1855 these kings exercised no real power. They were murdered, deposed, restored and driven out again, or treated as nonentities by anyone of the great Rases or semi-independent kings who were strong enough to maintain themselves against their rivals, such as, for example, Ras Mikael Suhul of Tigre (1730-1780), Ras Guksa of Amhara a Galla (1790-1819), and the son (Ras Marye) and grandson (Ras Ali) of the latter. In 1813, indeed, no less than six nominal "Kings of Kings of Ethiopia" were all alive, having been successively turned out of office by others. The names of all these kings (who were actually raised to the throne) are, however, given below in order to maintain continuity, together with the dates (according to our calendar) of their chequered reigns.
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Yasus 1 1787-1788
2. Takla Haymanot 1 1788-1789
3. Iskias 6 1789-1795
4. Baeda Maryam 2 1795-1797
5. Junus — 1797
6. Adimo 2 1797-1799
7. Egwala Sion 19 1799-1818
8. Joas 3 1818-1821
9 Gigar 5 1821-1826
10. Baeda Maryam III — 1826
11. Gigar (again) 4 1826-1830
12. Iyasu IV 2 1830-1832
13. Gabra Kristos — 1832
14. Sahala Dengel 8 1832-1840
15. Johannes III 1 1840-1841
16. Sahala Dengel (again) 14 1841-1855
At this time the empire was re-established by Theodore.
17. Theodore 13 1855-1868
18. John IV 21 1868-1889
19. Menelik II 24 1889-1913
20. Le; Yasu 3 1913-1916
21. Zauditu, empress, and 14 1916-1930 Tafari Makonnen, regent and heir.
22. Haile Selassie I, is the — 1930 title of Tafari Makonnen after Zauditu's death. Except for period of Italian annexation (1936 1942) he has ruled to the present time.
For purposes of comparison, it should be remembered that the present Abyssinian autumn-to-autumn calendar is seven or eight years behind ours, according to the period of the year. That is, the Ethiopian date differs by eight years from 1st January to 10th September. It differs by seven years from 11th September to 31st December. Thus the year which the Abyssinians regard as A.D. 1 is for us September A.D. 8 to September A.D. 9. This difference is not of course exactly the same all the way back throughout the List of Kings, as revisions of the calendar took place at various dates throughout the period. But it is near enough for general comparison.
TRIBE OF POSTERITY OF ORI OR ARAM
An Aramaic royal line spread into Africa, as well as into Shinar and Syria. In Africa, the sons of Aram through Mash (and perhaps Uz also) migrated into Egypt and Ethiopia, mixing with Israel, Cush and the Egyptians.
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Ori or Aram, son of Shem. 60 2222-2162
2. Gariak I. Mash, son of 66 2162-2096 Aram, settled Charax Spasini (see Josephus). Greek word Charax is translation of Ethiopian Gariak. This Gariak I would appear to be of the family of Mash. These Arameans spread into Africa, just as Cush, north of God's Land (Palestine) are reported in Syria and Mesopotamia.
3. Gannkam 83 2096-2013
4. Borsa (queen) 67 2013-1946
5. Gariak II 60 1946-1886
6. Djan I 80 1886-1806
7. Djan II 60 1806-1746
8. Senefrou=Snefru. Job 20 1746-1726 was son-in-law of Snefru.
9. Zeenabzamin 58 1726-1668
10. Sahlan 60 1668-1608
11. Elaryan 80 1608-1528
12. Nimroud 60 1528-1468
13. Eylouka (queen) 45 1468-1423
14. Saloug 30 1423-1393
15. Kharid 72 1393-1321
16. Hogeb 100 1321-1221
17. Makaws 70 1221-1151
18. Assa 30 1151-1121
19. Affar 50 1121-1071
20. Milanos 62 1071-1009
21. Soliman Tehagui. Soliman, 73 1009- 936 an elderly man probably in his 90's, died the year in which he received the news of the overthrow of Zerah and the Ethiopians and their allies (937-936).
Twenty-one sovereigns of the Tribe of Ori ruled.
THE LINE OF HAM, CUSH AND SABTAH IN NUBIA (THE SUDAN)
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
1. Kam = Ham. Date of 78 2255-2177 Ham is predated to the autumn preceding overthrow of Babel. The Chinese predated to the winter solstice.
2. Kout = Cush. Son of 50 2177-2127 Ham.
3. Habassi 40 2127-2087
4. Sebtah 30 2087-2057
5. Elektron 30 2057-2027
6. Neber 30 2027-1997
7. Amen I 21 1997-1976
8. Nehasset Nais (queen) 30 1976-1946
9. Horkam 29 1946-1917
10. Saba II 30 1917-1887
11. Sofard 30 1887-1857
12. Askndou 25 1857-1832
13. Hohey 35 1832-1797
14. Adglag 20 1797-1777
15. Adgala 30 1777-1747
16. Lakniduga 25 1747-1722
17. Manturay 35 1722-1687
18. Rakhu 30 1687-1657
19. Sabe I 30 1657-1627
20. Azagan 30 1627-1597
21. Sousel Atozanis 20 1597-1577
22. Amen II 15 1577-1562
23. Ramenpahte 20 1562-1542
24. Wanuna 3 days 1542
25. Piori II, father of the 15 1542-1527 Ethiopian whom Moses married when he overthrew Cush in Nubia. The daughter of Piori betrayed the city and her father in 1527.
Twenty-five sovereigns of the tribe of Kam ruled in the land of Cush.
APPENDIX C
KASHMIR — CHRONOLOGY FROM THE RAJATARANGINI
The following information is taken from the "Rajatarangini, a Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir", by Kalhana, translated by A. Stein, 2 volumes, Westminster, 1900. Kalhana's account of Kashmir is thorough. The history need not be presented here as it can be found in detail in his chronicle. Modern scholars misunderstand Kalhana's method of using whole calendar years. Of course, Kalhana added months and days to the whole calendar years in those instances where the exact month and day of a ruler's death was known. But, Kalhana did not intend the months and days to be counted, for they were already included in the first calendar year of the succeeding king. The first native Kashmir dynasty — the Gonandiya dynasty — lasted for 1002 years. It was followed by a usurping dynasty for 192 years. The restored Gonandiya dynasty lasted 588 calendar years. Next, the Karkota dynasty ruled 253 years — ending in 855 A.D. Working backward we discover that Kalhana began the Gonandiya dynasty of Kashmir in 1181 B.C. This is a significant date since it corresponds to the end of the first Trojan war and the defeat of the Trojan alliance. Prior to 1181 the land of Kashmir had been part of the Indo-Persian, Assyrian and Trojan alliance against the Greeks. Hence, the beginning of this line of rulers indicates a breakup in the alliance. The Indo-Iranian peoples of Kashmir became independent under their own kings.
GONANDIYA DYNASTY
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Gonanda III 35 1181-1146
Vibhisana I 53 1146-1093
Indrajit 35 1093-1058
Ravana 30 1058-1028
Vibhisana II 35 1028- 993
Nara I (Kimnara) 40 993- 953
Siddha 60 953- 893
Utpalaksa 30 893- 863
Hiranyaksa 37 863- 826
Hiranyakula 60 826- 766
Vasukula 60 766- 706
Mihirakula 70 706- 636
Baka 63 636- 573
Ksitinanda 30 573- 543
Vasunanda 52 543- 491
Nara II 60 491- 431
Aksa 60 431- 371
Gopaditya 60 371- 311
Gokarna 57 311- 254
Khinkhila-Narendraditya 36 254- 218
Yudhisthira 39 218- 179
USURPING DYNASTY
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Pratapaditya I 32 179- 147
Jalaukas 32 147- 115
Tunjina I 36 115- 79
Vijaya 8 79- 71
Jayendra 37 71- 34
Samdhimati-Aryaraja 47 B.C. 34- 14 A.D.
RESTORED GONANDIYA DYNASTY
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Meghavahana 34 14- 48
S'resthasena-Pravarasena I 30 48- 78 (Tunjina II)
Hiranya, with Toramana 30 78- 108
Matrgupta 4 108- 112
Pravarasena II 60 112- 172
Yudhisthira II 39 172- 211
Lahkhana-Narendraditya 13 211- 224
Ranaditya (Tunjina III) 300 224- 524
Vikramaditya 42 524- 566
Baladitya 36 566- 602
THE KARKOTA DYNASTY
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Durlabhavardhana-Prajnaditya 36 602- 638
Durlabhaka-Pratapaditya II 50 638- 688
Candrapida-Vajraditya 8 688- 696
Tarapida-Udayeditya 4 696- 700
Muktapida-Lalitaditya 36 700- 736
Kuvalayspida 1 736- 737
Vajraditya-Bappiyaka- 7 737- 744 Lalitaditya
Prthivyapida 4 744- 748
Samgramapida I 7 days 748
Jajja 3 748- 751
Jayapida-Vinayaditya 31 751- 782
Lalitapida 12 782- 794
Samgramapida II (Prthivyspida) 7 794- 801
Cippatajayspida-Brhaspati 12 801- 813
Ajitapida 37 813- 850
Anangapida 3 850- 853
Utpalapida 2 853- 855
THE DYNASTY OF UTPALA
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Avantivarman 28 855- 883
S'amkaravarman 18 883- 901
Gopalavarman 2 901- 903
Samkata 10 days 903
Sugandha 2 903- 905
Partha 16 905- 921
Nirjitavarman (Pangu) 1 921- 922
Cakravarman 11 922- 933
S'uravarman I 1 933- 934
Partha (restored) 1 934- 935
Cakravarman (restored) — 935
S'amkaravardhana 1 935- 936
Cakravarman 1 936- 937
Unmattavanti 2 937- 939
S'uravarman II — 939
Yasaskaradeva 9 939- 948
Varnata 1 day 948
Samgramadeva — 948
Parvagupta 2 948-950
Ksemagupta 8 950- 958
Abhimanyu 14 958- 972
Nandigupta 1 972- 973
Tribhuvana (gupta) 2 973- 975
Bhimagupta 5 975- 980
Didda 23 980-1003
FIRST LOHARA DYNASTY
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Samgramaraja 25 1003-1028
Hariraja 22 days 1028
Ananta 35 1028-1063
Kalasa 26 1063-1089
Utkarsa 22 days 1089
Harsa 12 1089-1101
SECOND LOHARA DYNASTY
Ruler Length of Reign Dates
Uccala 10 1101-1111
Radda-S'ankharaja 1 day 1111
Salhana 1 1111-1112
Sussala 8 1112-1120
Bhiksacara 1 1120-1121
Sussala (restored) 7 1121-1128
Jayasimha (Simhadeva) 22 1128
Jayasimha was still on the throne when Kalhana completed his history in 1150 A. D.
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